Behavioral scientists Essay

Gang violence is a social phenomenon that has caught the interests of behavioral scientists, psychologists and other related fields. At the forefront is the fact that gangs are social groups that have exclusive rules and strict codes of brotherhood which can actually provide the need for belongingness and affiliation as well as security in the harsh life in the city streets. Surprisingly, gangs have been associated with violence for the longest time, the term gang is already perceived as negative and that at present, gang is synonymous to violence, criminal acts and substance abuse. People join gangs for various reasons but it has been found that adolescents who have been victims of abuse, have dysfunctional family systems, school drop-outs and those in foster care generally join gangs more than the normal teenager. Thus, the final project is geared towards bringing about behavior change for adolescents at risk of joining gangs and or has a tendency for violence. Before drawing up a concrete behavior change program, it is important to examine how this could be brought about by factors like motivation and cultural awareness. Motivating people to change is not an easy feat, generally, if a person is set in his/her ways, then asking them to change something that they do not perceive to be evil or negative is a futile act. Central to the concept of motivation is that the goal offered to the individual must be meaningful to him/her, one that is personally desired and can be owned as a personal decision. This is where choice comes in, when a person is confronted with a choice; his/her reaction to it depends on their circumstances and present state of mind (Iyengar & Lepper, 1999). In this context, choosing to change their behavior should come from their internal desire to change, to become better and to be removed from their present difficulties. For example, if the behavior that is targeted to be modified is expressions of anger, it makes sense to the person to change this if he/she can realize that his/her actions hurt other people and that it also causes people to avoid them and hence lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness. Gangs are often formed around cultural groups, that is one gang can be comprised of Latinos, others are blacks, and others Asians and or whites. Thus, a program for behavior change should also consider the different cultural underpinnings of the gang and its members, if the gang is made up of black Americans, then asking them to join a program geared towards changing them, might be construed as culturally motivated, they have to be changed because they are blacks. There is much emotionality when it comes to culturally specific gangs and it cannot be denied that emotion may get in the way of participating in a program that is designed to change them (Markus & Kitayama, 1991) Motivation is also said to be affected by culture, one has to be able to correctly identify the cultural background of the gang or the participants of the project so as to provide a more culturally relevant and sensitive program. Lastly, motivation can be defined as extrinsic and intrinsic, it has been generally accepted that intrinsic motivation is more positive, more important and influential than extrinsic motivation thus the behavior change program should appeal to the intrinsic motivation of the participants. Intrinsic motivation is the feelings and behavior that drives the person to act in a certain way or to commit to a behavior change program. Internal means that it is something personal and valued by the person, it can be the desire for self-awareness, confidence and achievement, whereas extrinsic motivations are physical and tangible like prestige, money and awards (Sansone & Harackiewicz, 2000). The behavior change program should be designed to spark the intrinsic motivation of the participants, thus conducting an orientation seminar will introduce the participant to the program and letting them experience how good it is to be able to know who they are, to know that they mattered and someone cared for them would facilitate rapport and trust between the researcher and the participant. If the concepts of choice, culture and motivation will be adequately examined and integrated into the planned program, then surely the project would be a success. References Iyengar, S. & Lepper, M. (1999). Rethinking the role of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 349-366. Markus, H. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253. Sansone, C. & Harackiewicz, J. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: The search for optimal motivation and performance. San Diego: Academic Press.

A Comparison of Nurses Essay

A Comparison of Nurses Educated at the Associate-Degree Level versus the Baccalaureate-Degree Level A career in nursing has many possibilities and depending on where one is employed there may be different educational requirements. There are many nurses in the workforce with only their associate’s degree in nursing, but as time passes it seems that the baccalaureate degree is becoming more of an expectation. This brings up the question- is there a difference in the competency of the associate-level nurse from the baccalaureate-level nurse? Studies are showing that there is a difference and patient outcomes are affected by this difference. Differences between the Associate Degree in Nursing and the Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing In order to compare the competencies between nurses prepared at the associate-degree level versus the baccalaureate-degree level, one must first compare the requirements to obtain these degrees. The Associate’s Degree in Nursing, abbreviated ADN, is a two-year degree usually earned through a community college. It requires 60 credit hours to complete and upon completion the graduate can apply for licensure through the state in which they will practice. The Bachelors of Science in Nursing, also called BSN, is a four-year degree obtained at a university. It includes the same areas of study and has the same license upon completion of the NCLEX as the ADN nurse, but delves further into nursing theory as well as pathophysiology and technical skills. Many employers require the bachelor’s degree for higher positions in nursing such as clinical managers and nurse specialists. Differences in competencies between nurses prepared at the associate-degree level versus the baccalaureate-degree level As explained above the bachelor’s degree in nursing requires two more years of education and a much deeper study of nursing theory and pathophysiology than the associate’s degree. The question is does this extra education and focus on nursing theory make a BSN nurse more competent than an ADN nurse. Research suggests there is a significant effect of nurse experience and a significant effect of the percentage of BSN nurses in each hospital (Kendall-Gallagher, Aiken, Sloane &Cimiotti, 2011) in regards to better patient outcomes. To understand the difference one must look at the basic nursing process and how knowledge of nursing theory and pathophysiology affects it. The basic process taught in nursing school in providing patient care is assessment, plan, intervention and evaluation. Assessment is one the first things a nursing student learns. The associate-level and bachelor-level nurse will both have learned this skill in the very first days of nursing school. Both nurses will also be competent with the last step, evaluation of the interventions. The advantage a BSN nurse will have lies in the middle two steps- plan and intervention. The plan and interventions a nurse provides is affected by their decision-making skills and this is based on their education. Plan and Intervention. To determine a patient’s plan of care, one looks at the abnormal assessments and then uses their knowledge of pathophysiology to determine the plan of care. While the BSN nurse will not necessarily have more clinical hours in assessing the patient, they will have taken more classes in pathophysiology than the ADN nurse and therefore may notice a disease process more readily than the ADN nurse. This is where the interventions will occur. Interventions are determined by the nurse based on their decision-making skills. Decision-Making Skills Nursing is a field in which one is given a great amount of autonomy. Therefore much of a patient’s care is affected by a nurse’s decision-making skills. One’s ability to make decisions is affected by many things including past experiences, environment and education. The focus here is education and how the additional study for the BSN affects nurses’ decision-making skills. The BSN nurse will have studied pathophysiology and nursing theory in greater depth than the ADN nurse. This extra knowledge is then applied to the decisions a nurse makes for their patient. These decisions have a great impact on patient outcomes and recent studies have indicated that there is decreased morbidity, mortality, and failure-to-rescue rates in hospitals that employ larger percentages of baccalaureate prepared nurses (Altman, 2011). Effect of baccalaureate-degree level nurses on patient outcomes In the acute situation the BSN nurse can use their knowledge of pathophysiology in addition to their decision-making skills to decrease morbidity and mortality. Taking into account the greater picture, a more holistic approach based on the BSN nurse’s familiarity with nursing theory, will improve patient outcomes. For example let’s look at a hospital admission for a congestive heart failure exacerbation. Both the ADN and BSN nurse will assess the patient and notice classic signs like shortness of breath and edema. Both nurses will plan on diuresis and paying close attention to respiratory status. The difference will come with the holistic approach that a BSN nurse is more likely to take. The emphasis on the nursing theories that a BSN nurse has studied will allow them to look at the patient as a whole, rather than dealing with only stabilization of symptoms. The knowledge of nursing theory the BSN nurse has will allow them to delve further into why this patient admitted and what they can do to prevent a readmission. The BSN nurse asks questions as to what caused the exacerbation. It may be that the patient needs more teaching on diet and medication compliance. They will ask the patient about their home situation. It’s possible the patient is having financial burdens that have kept them from filling their prescriptions. The BSN nurse is more likely to look at the home situation. The patient may have depression with the diagnosis and need some resources for social support. In regards to King’s theory, nursing’s central goal is to help individuals maintain their health so that they can function in their roles (Creasia, 180). By helping the patient function in their role, the nurse empowers the patient to lead a healthier life. The patient is sent home educated with the resources needed to lead a healthy life and therefore reduces unnecessary hospital admissions. This in turn allows the space available for hospital admissions that are necessary and leads to a healthier community. REFERENCES Altmann, Tanya K. (2011). Registered nurses returning to school for a  bachelors degree in nursing: Issues emerging from a meta-analysis of the research. Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession, 39, (2): 256-72. Creasia, J; Friberg, E. (2011). Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice. (5th Edition). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Kendall-Gallagher, Deborah; Aiken, Linda H. ; Sloane, Douglas M. ; Cimiotti, Jeannie P. (2011). Nurse Specialty Certification, Inpatient Mortality, and Failure to Rescue. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43, 188-94.

Discuss the whether you believe that the reading on the passive-aggression organization has implications in the UAE

Yes! I should say that passive-aggression organization has implication in the UAE because as Gary Neilson, Bruce Pasternack, and Karen Van Nuys pointed out, no company that has never suffered such syndrome. The passive-aggression organization syndrome is a general situation that has been experienced by business organizations not only in many parts of America, but also in Europe.As Neilson, Pasternack, and Van Nuys stated, problems develop gradually as company grows through a series of â€Å"well-intended but badly implemented organizational changes†¦,† I believe that passive-aggression organization has implication in the UAE because controlling and delegating authority by those at the top often creates problems and complexities that can result to this problem. The survey that was conducted by Booz Allen Hamilton reveals that one in five of about 30,000 respondents to a global online survey admitted they suffered this syndrome.In my view, it is reasonable to say that passi ve-aggression has implications in the UAE. Provide a workplace example from your own experience where you have observed attribution theory occurring. Attribution theory occurs perhaps in every work place where there are both a sound leadership and performance failures. In the banking sector where performance required among employees were customer relations and number skills, occurrence of attribution theory is often seen in this context. Poor performance outcomes are blamed on someone’s customer relation’s skills.Bank employees are paid not only to cater to the need of the clientele; they are also paid to show customer care which mat require skills. Employees often attribute their failures to their lack of skills in customer relations skills. Discuss what you believe is the most important factor to be managed when implementing a change program in the workplace. I believed that the most important factor to be managed when implementing change program in the work place is the change process itself as this could be easily misunderstood by the employees.There are some aspect that needs to be considering when implanting this change such as the behavior of the individual in the organizational settings and the consequences of this change in the employee performance. In the organizational setting, Vecchio stressed that organizational culture provides influences among the employees that could motivate them to bring out their best. Thus, when implementing a change program in the work place, it is important to consider how the change process will have impact on the organizational setting.

Power Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Power - Term Paper Example Individual viewMany people view power from a negative perspective while very few individuals view power from a positive perspective. According to Elizabeth Laneway, she claims that we are put off by power because we embrace fear and we think that we do not have the capacity to work with responsibilities associated with power. The famous phrase about power by Lord Action that, power corrupts but absolute power corrupts absolutely has made many individuals to view power as a practice associated with social ills to the community. The fear enacted from power makes many people to remain isolated making thing they can change that are within their capacity to remain unchanged. This is because we fear responsibilities that are associated with power and hence give a chance to other people to make decisions rather that getting involved with that power so as to solve problem surrounding us.Power is a commodity that is dormant in each and every individual until one decides to exploit the potenti al and put it into action. Every individual has got the capacity to assimilate others hence effecting changes in communities hence providing long term solutions to community problems.Philosophers and theologians view Philosophers and theologians have a different view about power. They have intensified their research in trying to determine the concept of power and trying to bring out the real explanation pertaining power. They consider power to be a neutral term being neither good nor bad until it is applied to human acts.

World Trade Organisation (WTO) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

World Trade Organisation (WTO) - Essay Example Another characteristic of WTO is that it endorses the idea of free trade agreements followed by resolution of conflicts and ‘trade negotiations’ among nations (BBC Profile, 2011). Answer 2 It should be pointed out that WTO is not a perfect organization neither it has been seeking perfection. As far as the positive side of WTO is concerned, it is justified to argue that the measures taken by this organisation have bolstered trade ties among countries as well as have resulted in phenomenal growth in global trade volume in last 13 – 15 years (more specifically since 1995). For instance, WTO has made a major contribution in globalisation and internationalisation of this world, thereby leading to interdependence of nations. In other words, a country having scarcity of food / agricultural products and oil could import them from foreign countries (having abundance) at reduced tariffs and meet the domestic demand. Similarly, the oil rich nations, with weak industrial base , could import machinery and manufactured products from their trading partners. Nevertheless, the WTO has also certain weaknesses and the most important one is its failure in eradicating protectionist policies. It should be recalled that protectionist policies refer to trade barriers and initiatives that help protecting domestic industries from imported products.

When Marian Sang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

When Marian Sang - Essay Example Anderson was born and brought up in a humble family, but her magnificence in singing made her talent recognised as she would sing in many city choirs. However, as the book illustrates, Marian was not lucky as troubles haunted her early in life. Her father died when she was only twelve years of age, and despite her singing talent, the Philadelphia Music Academy denied her a chance to prove her prowess in singing due to her race. All the same, her mother encouraged her to soldier on, and it was no until she saw a performance by the Metropolitan Opera of Madame Butterfly that her dream of singing shone again. Despite being from a humble background, Marian made many tours in Europe and America where she was presented with great opportunities. The book is a non-fiction story told in utmost simplicity and depth of emotions to children between 3 and 8 years. The book offers many themes of learning to children on the need to be patient, courageous, have the perseverance to succeed in their talents especially at an early beginning. The inspiring part of a poor girl with a talent is a motivation to children not to give up in chasing their dreams despite their weak nature. Through perseverance, children are called to hold on to what they believe. The book comes with illustrations that depict the young girl singing, which brings out the simplicity of the girl and appeals to the emotions of not only children but also the narrators of such a story. The illustrations also break the monotony of the text to present children with some space to reflect about the life of the young girl. Through the images of the young girl, children can connect the story to their lives, which makes the book a real motivation to children in pursuit of th eir talents early in life. Throughout the book, the author utilised words that conveyed hope and motivation to children. For instance, when presenting the songs that Marian used to sing, the words used convey. Moreover, use of colour makes the book

Define managers and discuss the changing nature of management Research Paper

Define managers and discuss the changing nature of management - Research Paper Example The managers lead teams, execute ideas, develop the workforce and allocate resources for the sake of all concerned. Their essential duty is to bring out the very best through collective efforts of the team members and to ask of these very team members to give in their best on a proactively consistent basis. Managers therefore have a definitive role to play within the midst of an organization and it is because of the above-mentioned reasons that managers have had their say within the decision-making tenets. Managers are responsible for nearly all aspects that come under their auspices. The management realms ask of the managers to take the initiative, gain control and lead teams so that their end results are significant towards the eventual goals of the organization. Managers are usually very accessible in their working methodologies and hence it is easy to get along with them on the part of the people who work with them or under their aegis. Management is therefore a very broad area which must be understood within the proper domains before moving ahead any further. Management stems its basis from the classical perspective, an area that banked heavily on the use of more leaders rather than managers. However with the changing times, the focus has been put on the shoulders of managers so that they could showcase their management talents and abilities as well as deliver instant results for the sake of the business entities they work for. Management has remained firm in the belief that people need to be supervised in an able capacity by a leader who can deliver whenever the going gets tough. This leader must stand up and be counted for the sake of not only his own self but also the subordinates who work under him. In essence, he is actually working towards building a solid base for the sake of his organization which is all the more important. Once again, the emphasis is on building capacity management

Financial Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial Services - Essay Example In December 2010, the Basel Committee had come up with a fresh version of its latest standards for bank capital as well as liquidity obligations. This latest set of worldwide regulatory standards for banks is referred to as the Basel III. The core facets of Basel III are planned to be realised as nationwide regulation by the first half of 2013. However, while certain portions of the new Basel principles are supposed to become effectual upon execution, the others would be implemented over a phase of numerous years. The main reason for the development of the Basel III was the deficits in the financial policies of the Basel Accord II that were exposed during the worldwide financial calamity in the year 2008 (Bank for International Settlements, 2011). This paper critically examines the general approach to measuring capital adequacy levels of banks as per the new standards implemented by the Basel III. The paper subsequently discusses the drawbacks of the Basel II standards that were expo sed during the 2008 worldwide financial catastrophe and which consequently led to the development of the Basel III standards. Additionally, the paper also appraises whether the imposition of the Basel III standards for capital adequacy as well as liquidity obligations of bank will be sufficient to prevent a further financial calamity in future. Background to Basel III Various regulatory bodies have recognised that the prevalent strategies of capital regulations of the banks in the United States as well as the European Union, on the basis of the Basel I and the Basel II Accords as a major reason contributing to the 2008 financial disaster (Shearman & Sterling, 2011; Dowd & Et. Al., 2011). This can be substantiated from the fact that under the prevalent... The paper tells that various regulatory bodies have recognised that the prevalent strategies of capital regulations of the banks in the United States as well as the European Union, on the basis of the Basel I and the Basel II Accords as a major reason contributing to the 2008 financial disaster. This can be substantiated from the fact that under the prevalent capital adequacy policies prior to the financial crisis, the least regulatory capital obligations of banks were inadequate. The low capital obligations imposed on the banks as per the Basel II in addition to certain standards linked to the Basel I were deficient in the context of the elevated exposures and real tangible losses endured by the banking entities during the economic downturn. It was also stated that the quality of the capital maintained by the banks as per regulations were time and again found to be inadequate in absorbing the losses sustained by the banks during the economic crisis successfully. The capital adequacy policies set as per the standards of the Basel II along with that of the Basel I, did not sufficiently detain the risks that were caused by bank exposures to certain dealings. The transactions or dealings that increased the exposures of the banks that the regulatory standards failed to capture were securitisations, repurchase agreements and derivatives. The regulatory policies of Basel I and Basel II also failed to effectively take into account the systemic risks related to the upsurge of leverage in the fiscal and monetary system.

Compare constitutional protections of aboriginal rights in Canada to Essay

Compare constitutional protections of aboriginal rights in Canada to comparable rights protections in another country with an indigenous population - Essay Example dispensation in Canada indicate that the Canadian government has demonstrated interest in creating clauses that would not only promote the rights of the aboriginals, but also group them under a special category which would enable the community to enjoy government protection. In a bid to illustrate the involvement of various governments in protecting the rights of aboriginals, the paper would compare the constitutional protection of the aboriginal rights in Canada and Australia. Both Australian constitution and Canadian constitution recognizes the aboriginal community and the Torres Straight Islanders. This step is critical in strengthening the rights of the aboriginal community in the two countries. However, the constitution of respective countries seems to project or define the extent of protection that it can provide to the aboriginal community. For instance, in both cases, the constitution of the two countries stipulates that it will promote the culture and tradition of the aboriginal community in the present time and in the future. According to the provision of this clause, the constitution defines the protection of the cultural activities of the aboriginal community (Uribe, 2004:1-18). The cultural right includes indigenous practices and traditions that are synonymous with the indigenous community. The enactment of the section 35(1), Constitutional Act 1982 of the Canadian constitution does not only recognize, but also affirms the existence of the aboriginal treaty rights. The Supreme Court decision in the sparrow case indicated that the section 35(1) has set new dimension of protecting the rights of the aboriginals. Available literature indicates that it supersedes the colonial landmarks, which barred the Canadian aboriginal from some fundamental rights (Uribe, 2004:1-18). On the contrary, the Australian constitution fails to demonstrate the protection of the Indigenous rights. The Kruger’s case is one of the historical instances where the protection of

Thomas Jefferson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thomas Jefferson - Essay Example The contention that it is inconsistent to proclaim equality of all yet to maintain ownership of slaves is perhaps the apex of the criticism against Jefferson. In my opinion, this criticism might be valid, but it is not fully. Indeed, Jefferson owned slaves, but he sympathized with them. In the letter to Edward Coles, he blamed the British who brought the practice of slavery in the colonies. It can be inferred from the letter that he treated slaves with dignity. (Jefferson, 1894) The criticism being valid up to a certain extent hinges on the assumption that Jefferson should have not owned slaves in the first place. But this is just a matter of opinion. Circumstances during that period, where slavery is not illegal, gave Jefferson no obligation to set his slaves free. Nevertheless, his Liberty of owning slaves should be respected as this did not conflict with his conscience, which sought for better conditions for slaves. During the early 1800s, Spain decided to cede the Louisiana Territory to France. When Jefferson learned of this incident, he instructed his cabinet for the negotiation to purchase this deal from France.

The Use of the Many Names of God Research Proposal

The Use of the Many Names of God - Research Proposal Example â€Å"Master†, â€Å"King of Kings†, â€Å"Holy One†, â€Å"Heavenly Father†, â€Å"Creator†, â€Å"Allah†, â€Å"Savior†, and even the â€Å"man upstairs†. The names of God, however, have a rich and lengthy history with multicultural influences. In looking at the Bible, particularly the Old Testament, one will derive more than just a few names for God. In fact, the names used in reference to God in the Old Testament will often serve as a euphemism pertinent to His interpreted accomplishments and personalities at the time of the name being used. The first is Elohim which is used 7500 times throughout the Old Testament and translates to mean Creator, Preserver, mighty, strong and transcendent. El Shaddai is also a common Old Testament name for God which translates to â€Å"God all-sufficient†. The name Ikanos translates to â€Å"all-sufficient† and is also seen in the Old Testament. Adonai is a word of God which mea ns Master or Lord. One particular Hebrew name which is quite common for God in the Bible is the name Jehovah. This particular name is often paired with another word which explains characters of God as Jehovah merely means God or Lord. The following are examples of the different names for God which begin with the word Jehovah: Jehovah Jireh - â€Å"the Lord will provide†, Jehovah Rophe - â€Å"Lord who heals†, Jehovah Nissi - â€Å"The Lord our barrier†, Jehovah -Mkaddesh - â€Å"†the Lord who sanctifies†, Jehovah-Shalom â€Å"the Lord our peace†, Jehovah- Elohim -â€Å"Lord God†Ã¢â‚¬Å" Jehovah -Tsidkenu â€Å"the Lord our righteousness† Jehova- Rohi â€Å"Lord our shepherd†, Jehovah- Shammah â€Å"the Lord is there† and Jehovah -Saboath â€Å"The Lord of hosts†. Other names of God are also found in the Bible such as El -Elyon which means most high. Abhir translates to â€Å"the mighty one† and Kedosh means â€Å"the Holy One†.

Ideology and work choices Essay Example for Free

Ideology and work choices Essay Labour laws come from a body of administrative rulings, laws and regulations that are meant to address the legal rights and restrictions of workers and their organizations/ employers. These laws help in improving the relationship between employers, trade unions and employees. Since the 19th century, labour rights have been playing a crucial role in the development of the industrial revolution both socially and economically. These labour laws arose due to the inequality that existed between employees and employees especially when it came to workers’ demands for better conditions like health, safety and wages and employers’ demands for reduced labour costs. Therefore, labour laws are meant to e fair to both parties (employers and employees) thus, they are both a product and a component of different struggles between different interests in society. (Plowman, and Preston, 2005) Overview On 7th December 2005, the Australian Government under Prime Minister John Howard secured passage through the Australian parliament of Workplace Relations Amendment Act 2005. This legislation will greatly affect the conduct of Australian industrial relations. It will also greatly influence the way that the rules that regulate employment relationship in Australia are made and implemented. However, a complete analysis of these reforms has not been made. (Bray et al 2005) The reason why these reforms had to be made was to ensure that the loopholes and strategies that unions had developed since the Workplace Relations Act 1996 were closed off. The Australian labor party identified industrial relations gaps between what it and Howard’s government stood for. The labor’s policy platform focused on four major things: encourage family friendly workplaces, improving job security, assist parties to avoid and resolve disputes (ALP 2004) and restore the right to bargain collectively. In the 1970s, the Australian economic capacity was greatly diminished by adverse trade movements and oil price shocks. This forced the successive governments to introduce a range of reforms meant to enhance the competitiveness of Australian industries in international markets. These reforms comprised reduction in tariffs, floatation of the Australian dollar and abolition of most foreign exchange controls which increased Australia’s openness to foreign competition. Significant changes started being introduced to Australia’s workplace relations from the 1990s. These legislative reforms were meant to maintain a strong safety net for workers while at the same time provide a greater flexibility and choice for employers and workers at workplace level. It was until March 2008 that the government of Australia introduced transitional measures that phased out many concrete provisions in the workplace provisions laws (Workplace Relations Act 1996, Workplace Relations Amendment/Work Choices Act 2005 and Workplace Relations Amendment Act 2007). Ideology and work choices. It should be clearly noted that the prime minister and other members of his government have denied that their policies are not ideological. General philosophy Rather than employers and employees being stuck in an adversarial system, the government wants to put up a system that will allow them to determine their own conditions of working by looking into their common interests. (Andrews 2005b, p. 7). Therefore, a contract between an employee and an employer is seen as a meeting of minds between two partners who are equal and an agreement will only occur when both parties agree with the terms of the contract. In contrast to the pluralist perspective, the general philosophy fails to recognize that inequality of power is central feature of employment relationship. Role of employees. With this new act, provided the employees (Workers) are given the right leadership, the right incentives and the right opportunities, they will be in a position to work very closely with the management Impact on the parties and the rule making processes. In this section we shall critically look at the impact of that these reforms will have on the major actors in the Australian industrial relations. Role of the state In the last 20 years, the government of Australia has seen far greater reliance on market forces than state regulation. However, with the national competition policy as a catalyst, both state and federal governments have embraced deregulation of product markets, government owned enterprises have also been privatized and a private-sector management practice is being used in public sector organizations. (Bray et al. 2005) The narrowing of the state regulation can be seen in the shrinking role of awards and the new modest employment protections offered by the Fair Pay of Australia. Rule making process From chapter 8 of Bray et al. (2005), the four main forms of rule making in Australia are: managerial prerogative, individual contracting, collective bargaining and awards. With the Work Choices act, collective bargaining and award making will decline while managerial prerogative and individual contracting will expand significantly. The reforms here favor employers in many ways. Most employers will be able to gain significant capacity to practice improved bargaining power in their dealings with employees and unions and managerial prerogatives (Bray and Waring 2006). The changes in rule making have been encouraged as the government members have confirmed that economic success depends on freeing employers and employees from the restrictions of the old system. Awards This act has reduced the number of matters from 20 to 16 and this has helped in simplifying the awards. The award clauses that have been removed relate to: Jury service, long service leave, superannuation and notice of termination. However some federal awards that provide kind entitlements like leave arrangements will not be removed from the awards as they are deemed as preserved award entitlements. Management The Work Choices act will bring the Australian managerial sector more freedom to manage their businesses as they see fit. This is because there will be less state regulation of the employment relationship and they will not be forced by unions to collectively bargain over wages and working conditions. With this new freedom the Australian managers will be in a position to lead to more efficient enterprises, more jobs and a more competitive national economy. Many companies will also be capable of pursuing innovation/ quality-enhancement and business strategies. Unions. In chapter six of Bray et al. there is a trace of the historical evolution of unions as a form of employee representation in Australia. It was seen that membership and the power of trade unions had greatly declined from the beginning of the 1990s. This decline was brought about by many reasons. One of them was the increasingly hostile role of management and the impact of government policies that were not sympathetic. These harsh circumstances may be conducive to attracting new members and stimulated a new collective strength. However strategic differences over the union response to work Choices show great differences in ideologies within the Australian labour movement and the labour movements of other countries. Only time will tell where the union movement will go and what the real outcomes will be. Conclusion. The measures brought about by the Work Choices reforms are far reaching. This is because they represent a major break from the past in many ways. Firstly, their consequences to the constitution promise to be very big. Secondly, despite the much opposition it has faced, these reforms will help introduce new institutions by spelling an end to those institutions that have dominated Australian industrial institutions for very many years. They will also change the process by which the rules of employment relationships are made in Australia. In addition, market forces, individual contracting and managerial prerogative are going to gain a new ascendancy. According to Howard’s government and business supporters, these reforms are also inevitable as they are necessary in driving productivity and reducing unemployment and will also guarantee competitiveness. It is also important that any conclusions be left speculative and uncertain since public opinion can fail and political climate can drastically change. References: Andrews, K. (200b) ‘Where do we want workplace relations to be in five years time? ’ speech to Committee for Economic Development of Australia, Federation Square, Melbourne, retrieved on 15th March. Bray, M and Waring, P (2006) ‘The rise of managerial prerogative under the Howard government’, Australian Bulletin of Labour (in press). Bray, M. and Walsh, P. (1998), ‘Different paths to neo liberalism Comparing Australia and New Zealand’, Industrial Relations, Vol. 37, No. 3. Pp. 358-87. Bray, M. , Deery, S. , Walsh, J. and Waring, P. (2005) Industrial relations, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Sydney. Plowman, D. and Preston, A. (2005) ‘The new industrial relations: portents for the lowly paid’, Journal of Australian Political Economy, No. 56, Dec, pp. 224-42

Clinical Skills Reflection: Gibbs Model

Clinical Skills Reflection: Gibbs Model The skill that I will reflect on in this essay is the administration of an intramuscular Injection (IM). An IM is an injection deep into a muscle (Dougherty & Lister, 2008). This route is often chosen for its quick absorption rate and often medication cannot be given via other routes. The reason I have chosen to reflect on this skill is because I have had many opportunities to perform this skill, and at my current practice placement this is the most commonly used method of drug administration. I have undertook many IMs at this placement but I am going to reflect on the first one I undertook which was the administration of Hydroxocobalamin commonly known as vitamin B12 (BNF, 2007) Description During a morning clinic with the practice nurse, I was asked if I would like to administer an IM on the next patient, which was a 26 year old lady who has been suffering from crohns disease which can cause B12 deficiency due to lack of vitamin and mineral absorption (NACC, 2007). I agreed and she briefly went through with me how to do an IM as it had been a while since I had last done one. I called the patient in and asked her to sit down. The patient had come in for her first injection of B12. I chatted to the patient asking her how she was and if she had any concerns. I then gained consent asking her if it was ok for me as a student to administer it under the supervision of the practice nurse. The patient responded with you have got to learn I then prepared the equipment which included two needles, a sharps box, a piece of gauze and the medication. I checked the prescription with the practice nurse, and then checked the ampoule against the prescription. I then drew up the medicatio n with one needle disposing of it in the sharps box and attached the other needle. I then proceeded to administer the medication, after completing the procedure I disposed of the needle in the sharps box and documented it in the patients notes. After the patient had left the nurse explained to me I had done it all correct except I had gone in too far so if the needle broke it would be hard to get it out and that I didnt aspirate to check if I had gone into a vein. Thoughts and feelings After I was asked if I wanted to do the IM I felt very anxious as it had been more than 6 months since the last time I had administered one. But she explained the procedure to me which relieved some of my anxiety. When I first met the patient I was feeling allot more nervous as the patient was roughly my age and I havent had much experience of caring for the younger person. After the procedure when I was told I was wrong for not aspirating I felt annoyed as I was sure I had read that aspirating was no longer necessary. Evaluation Overall I feel that the clinical skill went well as a whole. I followed the instructions from my mentor and what the research has suggested other than feeling a little anxious I performed the skill confidently and correctly. What I feel was bad about the experience is with my communication, which reflecting on I believe was lacking. I communicated with the patient prior to the skill and after the skill, but during I felt I almost forgot there was a patient on the end of the needle. I was so focused on getting the skill right and not causing any pain I didnt talk to the patient throughout the whole thing. Another point that I feel was bad is, I forgot to wear an apron. My mentor never mentioned anything about this although I do feel I should have worn one as its an aseptic technique and its part of the (DOH, 2006) guidelines. Analysis The reason why an IM injection was chosen is because B12 can only be administered via IM (BNF, 2007). I gained informed consent off the patient as this is part the NMC guidelines. (NMC, 2008) As patients have the right to decline treatment. After gaining consent, I then checked the medication against the patients chart to ascertain the following: Drug, Dose, date, route, the validity of the prescription and the doctors signature. This is done to make sure the patient receives the correct drug and dose (NMC, 2008) I then washed my hands using Ayliffes six step technique to reduce the risk of infection and put gloves on as part of DOH 2007 Guidelines . The site that I chose was the mid deltoid site. Hunt (2008) Suggests that this is the best site to use as its easy to access whether the patient is sitting, standing or lying down, it also has the advantage of being away from major nerves and blood vessels. Although Roger (2000) states that only 2ml at most can be injected into the delto id. I was able to proceed with this site as B12 comes in a 1ml dose (BNF, 2007). I asked her if she would prefer to sit or lie down, she said she rather sit, this was ok with me as I am not very tall and found this a comfortable position for me. As the patient was wearing a short sleeve top I asked her to move it up slightly instead of removing it thus allowing her to maintain her privacy and dignity. I then assessed the injection site for suitability checking for any signs of infection, oedema or lesions. This is done to promote the effectiveness of administration and reduce the risk of cross infection (Woorkman, 1999). Holding the needle at a 90 degree angle it is quickly pushed into the muscle. Workman 1999 says this ensures good muscle penetration. I inserted the needle leaving approximately 1/2cm exposed as Workman, (1999) says this makes removing it easier should it break off. At this point I decided not to aspirate as per research (DOH, 2006). After inserting the needle I all owed it to remain there for 10 seconds. As Woorkman (1999) suggest that leaving in situ for 10 seconds allows the medication to diffuse into the tissues. After 10 seconds had past I swiftly removed the needle and applied pressure according to Dougherty & Lister (2008) this helps prevent the formation of a haematoma. Immediately after carrying out the skill I disposed of the needle into a rigid sharps container. To ensure health and safety is maintained and the used sharps dont present a danger to me or other staff members as stated by MRHA (2004). After the procedure I documented it within the patients notes as per NMC guidelines and to provide a point of reference if there ever was a query regarding the treatment and to prevent duplicate administration (NMC, Guide lines for records and record keeping, 2005). After the skill I discussed with my mentor that recent evidence suggest that aspirating is unnecessary. According to Workman (1999) the reason for aspirating is to confirm that the needle is in the correct position and to make sure that it has not gone into a vein. The most recent and up to date evidence, says that aspiration is only necessary if using the dorsogluteal site to check for gluteal artery entry (Hunter, 2008). But official guidance from the World Health Organisation and the Department of Health (DOH, 2006) (WHO, 2004) suggest that this site should no longer be used, thus making aspiration unnecessary. By not aspirating it makes the procedure simpler and less chance of adverse events. Furthermore pharmaceutical companies are making less caustic preparations and in smaller volumes. I discussed this with my mentor and she agreed but stated that it is PCT policy to aspirate, and she would have to continue to follow this practice until the policy was amended. Conclusion Using the Gibbs model of reflection has allowed me to thoroughly analyse the event and allowed me to explore my feelings. I have found out despite the evidence being constantly up to date that not all practitioners knowledge is as up to date, and that trusts are equally as slow to adopt new ideas within their policies and that nurses are governed by policy more than current research. I have also learned that there is a great deal of evidence behind such what on the outside seems to be a simple technique and what I thought I was doing correctly may not always be the case. Action plan I do not doubt I will be carrying out IMs for a long time in my career. I will not be doing much differently in the future as the evidence is underpinning my practice. I will not put the needle in as far as I did on this occasion. In the future I will continue not to aspirate, unless local policy indicates otherwise. In addition I will communicate with the patient throughout the entire skill and not just at the start and end of. Whats more from this event I have realised that learning never stops and what I know now may not be relevant tomorrow.

Web Development in Business

Web Development in Business WEB DEVELOPMENT Redefine your Business with our Professional Websites Elysium Services is a complete Web Portal Development service company to create effective static and dynamic websites using cutting-edge and significant features of the web portal development service tools. With more than 7 years of experience in designing and developing web applications for the clients in over 15 countries, Elysium Service is the most reputable and trustworthy one-stop vendor to comprehend the most aspiring and complex projects. We ensure seamless and continuous web development through the optimal control and visibility into the workflow. We integrate well-suitable project development strategies and methodologies with the appropriate project management tools and domain expertise to deliver high quality end-to-end web solutions. We create effective websites that perfectly meets the challenges of the current competitive environment. Our customer-centric websites allow two-way communication with the customers, complete integration with the social media networks and deliver experiences designed to convert the visitors into customers. Our skilled programmers and developers are capable of successfully executing the most complex projects and ensuring high performance, scalability and system integration to the clients. Our dedicated team with developers, designers, testing and quality assurance (QA) tests and IT support offers an efficient solution to the quick deployment of a large software project or reliable support for the ongoing IT needs of the clients. HTML5/CSS Harnessing the power of HTML5 and CSS3, our skilled developers invest their maximum intelligence to develop highly responsive web solutions. 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Character Education Programs :: essays papers

Character Education Programs One of the most important things to parents is that their child grows up to be a caring, healthy human being. Parents were actually asked what the most important thing they wanted for their children was. â€Å"The most common response, given by 48% of the parents, was making sure their child grows up to be a moral person.† (http://www.joe.org/joe/1998april/a3.html). A good way to ensure this is by implementing character education programs. With the increase in violence in young people today, character education programs are a great way to teach people various good and useful morals. Character education programs are exactly how they sound; they are designed to build one’s character throughout childhood so that the individual is able to make good decisions in life. Character education programs are intended to handle â€Å"aggressive behaviors, build self-esteem, resolve conflicts peacefully, encourage diversity tolerance, practice core values and promote character education† (http://www.joyinlearning.com/). The effect of character education programs on student’s behavior will be addressed. Character education programs are designed to help with many issues such as aggressive behavior, life skills, conflict and violence, safety, diversity tolerance and most of all, they exist in order to help build one’s character. Effective character education programs need to include many main beliefs. It is said that â€Å"Character education promotes core ethical values as the basis of good character.† This means that some values which include caring, honesty, fairness, responsibility, and respect for self and others are all essential to building character education. The hope is that schools that implement character education programs look at these values as obligations for the student to uphold. The second thing that character education needs to have is thinking, emotion, and behavior. The point here is to help people understand the difference between what is right and wrong, good and bad, and to use those â€Å"good† values throughout their life. In schools using character education, intentional, proactive, and comprehensive approaches are used to follow the values of good character. The intentional approach and proactive approach try to develop character, and the comprehensive approach uses every feature of schooling. For example, it would use the environment in and surrounding the school to try and build character. It would also make sure that the bus driver for the school bus is in good character.

Explore the different types of leadership Golding and Garland present E

Explore the different types of leadership Golding and Garland present in Lord of the Flies and The Beach. In Lord of the Flies and The Beach many leadership qualities are shown. These qualities are shown in different ways for example one leader is elected by democracy, another is self-appointed and lastly there is the destructive leader. Lord of the Flies was written in 1954. A time when commercialisation was not an issue and media hype only had subtle effects of society. The Beach was written in 1996, American globalisation has begun and the media played a massive part in society. I will look at how the different time may affect the way in which a leader reacts. The most obvious resemblance between the novels is the setting and the isolation of the islands yet there is a differentiation in that the boys in Lord of the Flies are stranded and are forced to try and survive where they don’t really want to be. The Characters in The Beach have chosen to be isolated in such surroundings and don’t want to leave. For them it is not a matter of survival. In both novels the leadership and order of their close-knit communities is similar, the way both societies morals decline and the introduction of violent behaviour is the start of their destruction. Although they bare resemblance they are very different. I will look at how the leaders affect this. Firstly I will look at what makes a good leader, I will then look at each character in turn and establish the different types of leadership Golding and Garland present in Lord of the Flies and The Beach. What makes a good leader? It has been said that some are born with the right qualities and some develop them. Whether nature or nurture a good leader should alwa... ...le attributes for a leader only this is the only leadership quality Jed holds. In conclusion, I believe that Sal was the most suitable leader although being selfish at heart, all she cared about was the beach, which in effect was a good thing. Bugs simply did as Sal said so I doubt in a tough situation alone Bugs would be able to make calm and good decisions. Richard obviously is not really a contender for any type of leadership because of his childishness and uncaring nature. After comparing and analyzing the leadership in both novels I have evidence to believe that a personality such as Ralph’s would always be best for a leadership placement. He is compassionate, forward thinking and loyal. Both novels show mans natural instinct to resort to destructive violence, Ralph is the only exception to this and is the most focused character from both novels.

Reading response on Communication Essay

For any effective communication, there must be understanding between the parties involved. This will therefore depend on the medium used and consideration of the barriers to effective communication. Students depend on communication to learn and when it is effective and inclusive, they get opportunities to grow and learn. In education, parents who are magnetic involve themselves in finding opportunities for their children. This is by involving the community at large and the administration to get opportunities for their children(Henderson, 297). Other parents are not concerned, which leads to inequality between the different children. Other families plan a teacher visit to the family, which increases unity and communication. When a teacher, parent and a student have a close relationship, they facilitate ample communication that leads to growth and opportunities. Accordind to (Mediratta, 32), for one to create opportunities that leads to growth among children, there should be a link between the outside of the school and the culture in the school. This is because the teachers do not understand the base the children are coming from especially in boarding schools. The power issue of the teachers goes down when the parents and their children mingles freely with the children which increases communication avenues. Poor families lack even the basic needs which make their students lack concentration due to the stress of their homes. This leads to inequality in the opportunities to children from richer families. Creating a link between the families and the general community leads to expansion of the communication network which leads to opportunities and growth. This addresses structural inequality and enables student from poor families learn and have good health. According to WARREN, (15), translation of important information to languages that learners understands leads to effective communication. Those who understands the foreign language have added advantage to those who can not. A barrier to translation is money to pay the translators and some parents lack the time to opportunity talk. In opportunity talks, the issue of freedom when talking is an issue due to distrust among members in the society(Zehr, 8). Relationships that can be trusted spread opportunities and this is true with parents who create friendship with their children’s teachers as they create trust between them. This is different from the parents who can not create this relationshipthat lead to disadvantage on their students’ opportunities. Organizing and planning for events for the school with older people with children improves their skills and confidence. This boosts their opportunities and improves their communication prowess unlike those who do not involve themselves in such programs. References Henderson, T Anne, Johnson Vivian, Mapp Karen, and Davies Don. Selection from Beyond the Bake Sale: The Essential Guide to Family/School Partnerships. New York: The New Press, (2007): 296-301 Mediratta, Kavitha, Shah Seema, and McAlister Sara.Building Partnerships to Reinvent School Culture: Austin Interfaith. Providence, RI: Annenberg Institute for School Reform. Mark Warren, â€Å"Communities and Schools.†(2009):1-49. Print. WARREN, MARK. ‘Communities And Schools: A New View Of Urban Education Reform’. Harvard Educational Review 2.75 (2005): 1-40. Print. Zehr, M. A. Civil Rights Deal Signals Federal Push for Translation Services. Education Week, (2011): 30(3), 8-9. Source document

Porter Five Force Analysis of Indian Food Processing Industry

Porter’s five force analysis of food processing industry| MARKETING STRATEGY| HITESH VAVAIYA| Table of Contents Acknowledgement3 Introduction of Report3 Research Objective4 Introduction of Food Processing Industry4 The History of Food Processing Industry4 Supply chain of food processing industry and factor affecting each activity5 Agriculture5 Food processing5 Indian Food Processing Industry7 History of food processing Industry in India7 Current Market Overview9 Indian Food Processing Industry Performance11Food Processing Sector overview11 Major Players of Food Processing Industry14 Indian Food Processing Companies Profiles14 Major Indian player in Food processing Industry Overview15 I. T. C LTD15 GODREJ PROFILE15 MTR Foods Limited Profile16 Parle Limited Profile17 Dabur India Limited Profile17 Analysis18 Porter Five Forces Analysis for Indian Food Processing Analysis18 Threat of Entry (high)19 Rivalry between Established Competitors (low)21 Bargaining Power of Buyers (low)23 Bargaining Power of Suppliers (low)25Threat of Substitutes (high)26 Conclusion27 Bibliography29 Acknowledgement I take the opportunity, while presenting this report and to express my gratitude to all those who afford their valuable help and time to help me to complete the project successfully. A number of people provided us their assistance, encouragement, and enthusiasm. Without them this project would not have been possible. Firstly, I would like to thank our institute IIPM and our honorable prof. partho sir for giving me such an opportunity to work on such a project. got a chance to put all our classroom theories and practices for understanding and analyzing the working of the real Indian scenario. Introduction of Report This report provides an overview of our food production and consumption system, its impacts on the environment and its vulnerability to environmental problems and resource constraints. The aim of the report is to identify any significant challenges to the future security of the food system in India that arise from environmental and resource issues, and the risks, constraints and social or political responses to these.The report also considers a range of response strategies being developed and explored at various points across the food system. The ‘food system’ includes the interdependent parts of the system that provides food for local consumption and for export. It includes all the components and processes by which food is produced (grown and/or processed), stored and distributed, delivered to end-consumers and consumed (including further processing and storage) – as well as all the processes that deal with waste along the ‘food chain’ The report covers an overview of the Indian food processing industry.The report will focus on the dynamics of the industry, the market segments, the growth of the sectors in India and what are the challenges and opportunities that the industry is facing. On the competitive la ndscape, the report lays out the major food processing companies that functions within the Indian industry and the strategies these companies are following to capture the major chunk of the market share. The concluding part of the report covers the drivers of the industry and the future Prospects of the food processing industry in India.Research Objective To analyze the market share of organized Food Processing sector compare to other unorganized Food Processing sector To study the future growth of food processing in india To study the sustainability of Indian food processing industry To study the resources and the constraints of the Indian food processing industry To study the effect of MNC’s in the Indian food processing industry To study the driving forces those are affecting Indian food processing industry Introduction of Food Processing Industry The History of Food Processing IndustryThe origin of food processing goes all the way back to ancient Egypt, yet the period of those developments seems to symbolize the history of the culture of mankind. Nowadays, bread, which is characterized by its use of the fermentation action of yeast and which uses wheat flour as its raw material, is baked all over the world. The origins of beer also go back to Babylon and Egypt in the period from 3,000 to 5,000 BC. The foundation of the modern industry was built up with the introduction of machinery and technology of new methods from Germany.Nowadays, the processed foods that are thriving in grocery shops are modern processed foods and traditional foods, but their manufacturing technology, process control and manufacturing and packaging environmental facilities have been advanced and rationalized to an incomparable extent in the last 30 years. As a result, products with high quality and uniformity are now being manufactured. This is based on the advancement of food science, and is, moreover, due to the general introduction of hygienics, applied microbiology, mechanic al engineering, chemical engineering, electronic engineering and high-polymer technology.The most remarkable developments until now have been convenient pre-cooked frozen foods, retort pouch foods and dried foods. The mass production of excellent quality processed foods without using unnecessary food additives has been made possible in the last 30 years by grading and inspecting the process materials, carrying out proper inspections of processed foods, and advances in processing technology, installation and packaging technology and materials. http://www. bisnetindia. com/bishtml/060012502441. htm Supply chain of food processing industry and factor affecting each activity AgricultureAgriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). The practice of agriculture is also known as â€Å"farming†, while scientists, inventors and others devoted to improving far ming methods and implements are also said to be engaged in agriculture. More people in the world are involved in agriculture as their primary economic activity than in any other, yet it only accounts for twelve percent of the world's GDP.Total agricultural trade consists of food and non- food commodities in both raw and processed forms. Classification of agricultural trade is a breakdown of agricultural trade into four components. * bulk commodities, * processed intermediate products, * fresh horticultural products, * Processed consumer goods. Over the years the share of bulk commodities in total agricultural trade has gone down. Decreased demand for bulk commodities has been compensated by the growth in intermediate processed products, which are essentially processed bulk commodities.Processed intermediate products such as vegetable oils, flour etc. The share of fresh horticultural products, i. e. products that are consumed without further processing, in total agricultural trade is nearly constant. Recent improvements in transportation technology have played a role in promoting trade of fresh products. The faster growing categories in agricultural trade are non-bulk packaged processed food products, which are marketed under different brands. Developed countries have played an important role in promoting trade in processed food products.Share of these countries in import of processed food products is more than developing countries, whereas in case of bulk commodities share of developing countries exceeds the import of developed countries. Food processing Food processing is the methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption. Food processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses them to produce marketable food products. Consumer expenditure on processed food and drink 2001–07 (US$ billion), as shown in below ChartGraph:-1. 1 Consumer expenditure on food Sources: – Food Corp oration of India, web http://fciweb. nic/Consumerexpen/. in Whole Food processing industry in divided mainly six sectors which are as shown in figure 3 and food product cover in these sectors and shown in table 2 Figure: – 1. 3. Major sector in food processing industry Table:-1. 2 Segmenting food product according to Food processing Sector Indian Food Processing Industry History of food processing Industry in IndiaFood processing dates back to the prehistoric ages when crude processing incorporated slaughtering, fermenting, sun drying, preserving with salt, and various types of cooking (such as roasting, smoking, steaming, and oven baking). Salt-preservation was especially common for foods that constituted warrior and sailors' diets, up until the introduction of canning methods. Evidence for the existence of these methods exists in the writings of the ancient Greek , Chaldean, Egyptian and Roman civilisations as well as archaeological evidence from Europe, North and South Ame rica and Asia.These tried and tested processing techniques remained essentially the same until the advent of the industrial revolution. Examples of ready-meals also exist from pre industrial revolution times such as the Cornish pasty and the Haggis. Modern food processing technology in the 19th and 20th century was largely developed to serve military needs. In 1809 Nicolas Appert invented a vacuum bottling technique that would supply food for French troops, and this contributed to the development of tinning and then canning by Peter Durand in 1810.Although initially expensive and somewhat hazardous due to the lead used in cans, canned goods would later become a staple around the world. Pasteurization, discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1862, was a significant advance in ensuring the micro-biological safety of food. In the 20th century, World War II, the space race and the rising consumer society in developed countries (including the United States) contributed to the growth of food proce ssing with such advances as spray drying, juice concentrates, freeze drying and the introduction of artificial sweeteners, coloring agents, and preservatives such as sodium benzoate.In the late 20th century products such as dried instant soups, reconstituted fruits and juices, and self cooking meals such as MRE food ration were developed. In Western Europe and North America, the second half of the 20th century witnessed a rise in the pursuit of convenience; food processors especially marketed their products to middle-class working wives and mothers. Frozen foods (often credited to Clarence Birdseye) found their success in sales of juice concentrates and â€Å"TV dinners†.Processors utilized the perceived value of time to appeal to the postwar population, and this same appeal contributes to the success of convenience foods today. * Benefits More and more people live in the cities far away from where food is grown and produced. In many families the adults are working away from home and therefore there is little time for the preparation of food based on fresh ingredients. The food industry offers products that fulfill many different needs: From peeled potatoes that only have to be boiled at home to fully prepare ready meals that can be heated up in the microwave oven within a few minutes.Benefits of food processing include toxin removal, preservation, easing marketing and distribution tasks, and increasing food consistency. In addition, it increases seasonal availability of many foods, enables transportation of delicate perishable foods across long distances, and makes many kinds of foods safe to eat by de-activating spoilage and pathogenic micro-organisms. Modern supermarkets would not be feasible without modern food processing techniques, long voyages would not be possible, and military campaigns would be significantly more difficult and costly to execute.Modern food processing also improves the quality of life for allergists, diabetics, and other people who cannot consume some common food elements. Food processing can also add extra nutrients such as vitamins. Processed foods are often less susceptible to early spoilage than fresh foods, and are better suited for long distance transportation from the source to the consumer. Fresh materials, such as fresh produce and raw meats, are more likely to harbour pathogenic micro-organisms (e. g. Salmonella) capable of causing serious illnesses. * DrawbacksIn general, fresh food that has not been processed other than by washing and simple kitchen preparation, may be expected to contain a higher proportion of naturally occurring vitamins, fibre and minerals than the equivalent product processed by the food industry. Vitamin C for example is destroyed by heat and therefore canned fruits have a lower content of vitamin C than fresh ones. Food processing can lower the nutritional value of foods. Processed foods tend to include food additives, such as flavorings’ and texture enhancing age nts, which may have little or no nutritive value, or be unhealthy.Some preservatives added or created during processing such as nitrites or sulphites may cause adverse health effects. Processed foods often have a higher ratio of calories to other essential nutrients than unprocessed foods, a phenomenon referred to as â€Å"empty calories†. Most junk foods are processed, and fit this category. High quality and hygiene standards must be maintained to ensure consumer safety and failures to maintain adequate standards can have serious health consequences. Processing food is a very costly process, thus increasing the prices of foods products.Current Market Overview India is a country of striking contrasts and enormous ethnic, linguistic, and cultural diversity. It has a population of 1. 1 billion, and it is comprised of 28 states and seven Union Territories (under federal government rule). The states differ vastly in resources, culture, food habits, living standards, and languages . Vast disparities in per-capita income levels exist between and within India’s states. About 75 percent of the country’s people live in 550,000 villages; the rest in 200 towns and cities. There are 30 cities with a population above one million people.India has the largest number of poor, with 35 percent of the population surviving on less than $1 per day, and 80 percent of the population surviving on less than $2 per day1. Nearly 51 percent of Indians’ consumption expenditures go for food (54 percent in rural area and 42 in urban areas) 2; mostly for basic items like grains, vegetable oils, and sugar; very little goes for value added food items. In recent years, however, there has been an increased shift towards vegetables, eggs, fruits, meat, and beverages. Religion has a major influence on eating habits and, along with low purchasing power, supports a predominantly vegetarian diet.Some observers of India’s economic scene are, however, highly optimistic about consumption growth potential, and believe that rising income levels, increasing urbanization, a changing age profile (more young people), increasing consumerism, a significant rise in the number of single men and women professionals, and the availability of cheap credit will push India onto a new growth trajectory. These segments of the population are aware of quality differences, insist on world standards, and are willing to pay a premium for quality. Nonetheless, a major share of Indian consumers has to sacrifice quality for affordable prices.Potential US exporters should also bear in mind that India’s diverse agro-industrial base already offers many items at competitive prices. Results of the â€Å"Market Information Survey of Households,† conducted by the National Council of Applied Economic Research, show that the share of households in the upper middle/high income group (annual household income > Rs. 90,000, or $11,200 on purchasing power parity basis) has grown from 14% in 1989-90 to 28% in 2001-02, and is projected at 48 percent in 2009-10. Correspondingly, there has been a decline in the low-income group.Sixty-five million people are expected to enter the 20-34 year age group from 2001 to 2010. By 2025, 40 percent of Indians are expected to be urban dwellers. Structural reforms and stabilization programs during the 1990s have contributed to India’s sustained economic growth, which has been relatively strong over the past two decades, averaging 6 percent annually. Since 1996, the Indian government has gradually lifted import-licensing restrictions, which had effectively prohibited imports. On April 1, 2001, all remaining quantitative restrictions were removed, putting India in compliance with its WTO commitment.Nonetheless, the government continues to discourage imports, particularly agricultural products, with the use of high tariffs and non-tariff barriers. Import tariffs on most consumer products, although declining, are still high, ranging from 30. 6 to 52. 2 percent. Some sensitive items, such as alcoholic beverages, poultry meat, raisins, vegetable oils, wheat, rice, etc. , attract much higher duties. Nontariff barriers include unwarranted sanitary and phytosanitary restrictions and onerous labeling requirements for pre-packaged foods.Other factors adversely affecting imports include a poorly developed infrastructure (transportation and cold chain), a predominantly unorganized retail sector, and outdated food laws. However, some positive factors are: †¢ Rising disposable income levels †¢ Increasing urbanization and exposure to Western culture †¢ Growing health consciousness among the middle class †¢ Growing consumerism †¢ Changing age profile †¢ Increasing availability of cheap consumer credit Current status of industry is shown in below table Table1. 4. Status of Food Processing Industry in IndiaSources: All India Food Processors Association http://www. aifpa/foodin dustry/. com India is a major producer of many agricultural commodities and it accounts for nine per cent of the world’s fruit production and about 11 per cent of the vegetable production. But the level of processing and value addition of fruits and vegetables is just two per cent of the total production, compared to 65 per cent in the USA, 23 per cent in China and 78 per cent in the Philippines as given in the figure below. Graph: 1. 2 food processing percentage in different country Sources: – web http://www. fmi. /worldfoodprocessed. org There is huge wastage of perishable agricultural commodities. The position in the country with regard to other products also is not very encouraging. The overall level of processing of agricultural commodities in the country is estimated at six per cent. The annual loss on account of wastage of agricultural commodities is estimated to be about Rs 50,000 crore. At present, the food processing sector employs about 13 million people dir ectly and about 35 million people indirectly. In 2006–07, food processing sector contributed about 14 per cent of manufacturing GDP with a share of Rs 2,80,000 crore.Of this, the unorganised sector accounted for more than 70 per cent of production in terms of volume and 50 per cent in terms of value. Indian Food Processing Industry Performance Market Definition The market for food processing industry is the complex in nature; it is global collective of diverse businesses that together supply much of the food energy consumed by the population. Only subsistence farmers, those who survive on what they grow, can be considered outside of the scope of the modern food processing industry. The food processing industry includes: Regulation: local, regional, national and international rules and regulations for food production and sale, including food quality and food safety, and industry lobbying activities * Research and development: food technology * Financial services insurance, cre dit * Manufacturing: processed packed food, food processing machinery and supplies, food processing construction, etc. * Food processing technology: preparation of fresh products for market, manufacture of prepared food products * Marketing: promotion of generic products (e. g. milk board), new products, public opinion, through advertising, packaging, ublic relations, etc * Wholesale and distribution: warehousing, transportation, logistics * Retail: supermarket chains and independent food stores, direct-to-consumer, restaurant, food services. Food Processing Sector overview Food processing is a large sector that covers activities such as agriculture, horticulture, plantation, animal husbandry and fisheries. It also includes other industries that use agriculture inputs for manufacturing of edible products. The Ministry of Food Processing, Government of India has defined the following segments within the Food Processing industry: †¢ Dairy, fruits & vegetable processing Grain proc essing †¢ Meat & poultry processing †¢ Fisheries †¢ Consumer foods including packaged foods, beverages and packaged drinking water. While the industry is large in terms of size, it is still at a nascent stage in terms of development. Out of the country’s total agriculture and food produce, only 2 per cent is processed. The highest share of processed food is in the Dairy sector, where 37 per cent of the total produce is processed, of which 15 per cent is processed by the organized sector. Primary food processing (packaged fruit and vegetables, milk, milled flour and rice, tea, spices, etc. ) constitutes around.Table: 2. 1 India’s food-processing sector India’s food-processing sector, though still developing, contributes 14 percent to the manufacturing GDP (5. 5 percent of aggregate GDP), produces goods worth rs. 2. 8 trillion ($64 billion), and employs 13 million people. Much of India’s food-processing industry is small-scale and involves ve ry little value addition, although in recent years several multinational food-processing companies have started operations in India. A plethora of internal restrictions, including (a) prohibition on foreign direct investment in retail, (b) prohibitions on contract farming, (c) barriers to nterstate commerce based on revenue and food security concerns, (d) some of the highest taxes on processed foods in the world, and (e) inefficient in infrastructure and marketing networks seriously constrain growth of the sector. The almost year-round availability of fresh products across the country, combined with the consumers’ preference for fresh products and freshly cooked foods has dampened demand for processed food products. The level of processing varies across segments – ranging from less than 2 percent of the production in the case of fruits and vegetables to over 90 percent in non-perishable products such as cereals and pulses.In the latter, however, processing involves ver y little value addition, and is mostly confined to grading, cleaning, milling, and packing; with negligible use of additives, preservatives, and flavors. Table: 2. 2 Level of processed food in year 2008 Product| Level of Processing (% of total production)| | OrganizedSector| UnorganizedSector 1/| Total| Fruits & vegetables| 1. 2| 0. 5| 1. 7| Milk | 15. 0| 22. 0| 37. 0| Meat| 21. 0| 0| 21. 0| Poultry| 6. 0| 0| 6. 0| Marine fisheries| 1. 7| 9. 0| 10. 7| Shrimp| 0. 4| 1. 0| 1. 4| Source: Rabobank Analysis Source: – Web http://www. nasftlevelprocessing. org/ Table 2. level of processing Forecasted â€Å"Unorganized† in fruits and vegetables includes unbranded pickles, sauces, and potato chips, but excludes processing by street vendors; â€Å"unorganized† in dairy includes processing by sweet food makers; â€Å"unorganized† in marine products includes processing by small fishermen. . At present, most inputs for the food-processing industry are sourced domestic ally, with the exception of some bulk commodities that are in short supply, such as pulses and vegetable oils, dried fruits and nuts, and small but increasing quantities of food additives and ingredients such as soy proteins, whey, and flavors and essence.India annually imports vegetable oils valued at over $2. 6 billion and pulses valued at $560 million. Imports of food ingredients were valued at $170 million in 2007/08, and include mostly spices and condiments, dairy products, cocoa products, fish and fish products, fruit juices, and other ingredients (yeasts, sauces, soft drink concentrates, flavoring materials, soy protein concentrates and isolates, etc. ). Unorganized, small players account for more than 70 percent of the industry’s output in volume and 50 percent in value terms.Most of them operate locally, add little if any value to products, and use outdated technologies. The government’s policy of reserving the food-processing sector for small-scale units, eff ective until 1991, discouraged large-scale domestic and foreign direct investment in the food-processing sector. However, following economic liberalization in 1991, the food-processing industry was opened, resulting in increased investment in this sector, both domestic and foreign.Over the last few years, several large companies, both Indian and foreign, have invested in the food-processing business in India, resulting in significant growth in this sector. Some of the major players in India’s food-processing industry are listed in this report. There are hundreds of medium-sized regional companies, some of them aspiring to emerge as national players with their own established brands, who pose some competition to large firms . The domestic organized processed-food market is expected to triple in the next 10 years from about $100 billion in FINACIAL YEAR 2004 to $310 billion in FINACIAL YEAR 2015.India aims to increase its share of world trade in this sector from 1. 7% currently ($7. 5 billion) to 3% by 2015 ($20 billion) Graph 2. 1 FMCG Market Size forecasting Sources:-web http://www. foodprocessing/marketsize/. com So here we have estimated that production of processed food is increasing linearly with respect to FMCG Market size till 2015 E ,its shows that very good potential of proceeds food in coming future. Major Players of Food Processing Industry Indian Food Processing Companies ProfilesIndian food processors may be divided into the following main categories: †¢ Large Indian companies that have their production base in India or neighboring countries (for tax-saving purposes) †¢ Multinational and joint-venture companies that have their production base in India †¢ Medium/small domestic food-processing companies with a local presence †¢ Small local players in the unorganized sector Major Indian player in Food processing Industry Overview I. T. C LTD ITC is one of India's foremost private sector companies with a market capitalisation of nearly US $ 19 billion* and a turnover of over US $ 5. 1 Billion.ITC has a diversified presence in Cigarettes, Hotels, Paperboards ; Specialty Papers, Packaging, Agribusiness, Packaged Foods ; Confectionery, Information Technology, Branded Apparel, Personal Care, Stationery, Safety Matches and other FMCG products. ITC's Agri-Business is one of India's largest exporters of agricultural products. ITC is one of the country's biggest foreign exchange earners (US $ 3. 2 billion in the last decade). The Company's ‘e-Choupal' initiative is enabling Indian agriculture significantly enhance its competitiveness by empowering Indian farmers through the power of the Internet.This transformational strategy, which has already become the subject matter of a case study at Harvard Business School, is expected to progressively create for ITC a huge rural distribution infrastructure, significantly enhancing the Company's marketing Reach. ITC's wholly owned Information Technology subsidiary, ITC InfoTech India Limited, is aggressively pursuing emerging opportunities in providing end-to-end IT solutions, including e-enabled services and business process outsourcing.ITC's production facilities and hotels have won numerous national and international awards for quality, productivity, safety and environment management systems. ITC was the first company in India to voluntarily seek a corporate governance rating. ITC employs over 25,000 people at more than 60 locations across India. The Company continuously endeavors to enhance its wealth generating capabilities in a globalizing environment to consistently reward more than 3, 78,000 shareholders, fulfill the aspirations of its stakeholders and meet societal expectations.This over-arching vision of the company is expressively captured in its corporate positioning statement. GODREJ PROFILE Started in 1897 as locks manufacturing company, the Godrej Group is today one of the most accomplished and diversified business houses in Ind ia. Godrej’s success has been driven by the company’s commitment to delivering innovation and excellence. Through the consistent application of this commitment and a century of ethical business conduct, Godrej has earned an unparalleled reputation for trust and reliability.In 1930, Godrej became the first company in the world to develop the technology to manufacture soap with vegetable oils; that spirit of innovation has continued throughout the organization’s history. Today Godrej is delivering consumers exciting innovations across a spectrum of businesses. The company’s pursuit of excellence is equally well established and enduring. In the 1944 Mumbai docks blast, Godrej safes were the only security equipment whose contents were unharmed; an equal level of product quality continues to be expected from every product bearing the Godrej brand name. Godrej management nderstands that the company’s greatest asset is the trust and faith that consumers h ave reposed in it, and recognizes that the company must continue to earn this trust. This translates to the organization delivering outstanding quality and value in everything it does. Godrej’s ethical and visionary practices have allowed the company to successfully expand into a number of businesses. Today Godrej is a leading manufacturer of goods and provider of services in a multitude of categories: home appliances, consumer durables, consumer products, industrial products, and agri products to name a few.A recent estimate suggested that 400 million people across India use at least one Godrej product every day. The group has more recently entered the real estate and information technology sectors, and management views these as avenues for enormous growth. The 6000 Crore – (US $1. 5  Billion)  Godrej Group is one of India's largest professionally run private sector groups. It has a well-established presence in varied businesses ranging from foods and consumer dur ables to real estate and information technology. In 1997, Godrej completed 100 years of service to the nation. Today, the name Godrej is synonymous with Quality ; Trust.It is amongst the most admired Business Groups in India, delivering quality products and services to its customers at competitive costs. All this, with the highest international standards of customer care. MTR Foods Limited Profile MTR Foods Limited is amongst the top five processed food manufacturers in India. We manufacture, market and export a wide range of packaged foods to global markets that include USA, UK, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore, UAE and Oman. Starting with the legendary MTR restaurant in Bangalore, India’s silicon valley, we now offer †complete meal solutions'.Our wide range of products include ready-to-eat curries and rice, ready-to-cook gravies, frozen foods, ice cream, instant snack and dessert mixes, spices and a variety of accompaniments like pickles and papads. Our dee p understanding of culinary expectations and needs has resulted in many new and innovative products. Our investments in infrastructure and technology ensure that we can scale rapidly and bring these to market. Today, consumers across the globe count on us to bring them all-natural, wholesome and delicious food that is also convenient and no-fuss.We have also expanded our retail presence significantly: contemporary ‘Namma MTR' and MTR kiosks now serve delighted consumers across Bangalore and Chennai. Parle Limited Profile Parle Products has been India's largest manufacturer of biscuits and confectionery, for almost 80 years. Makers of the world's largest selling biscuit, Parle-G, and a host of other very popular brands, the Parle name symbolizes quality, nutrition and great taste. With a reach spanning even the remotest villages of India , the company has definitely come a very long way since its inception.Many of the Parle products – biscuits or confectioneries, are mar ket leaders in their category and have won acclaim at the Monde Selection, since 1971. With a 40% share of the total biscuit market and a 15% share of the total confectionary market in India, Parle has grown to become a multi-million dollar company. While to consumers it's a beacon of faith and trust, competitors look upon Parle as an example of marketing brilliance. Dabur India Limited Profile Dabur India Limited has marked its presence with some very significant achievements and today commands a market leadership status.Our story of success is based on dedication to nature, corporate and process hygiene, dynamic leadership and commitment to our partners and stakeholders. The results of our policies and initiatives speak for themselves. * Leading consumer goods company in India with a turnover of Rs. 2233. 72 Crore (FY07) * 2 major strategic business units (SBU) – Consumer Care Division (CCD) and Consumer Health Division (CHD) * 3 Subsidiary Group companies – Dabur Fo ods, Dabur Nepal and Dabur International and 3 step down subsidiaries of Dabur International – Asian Consumer Care in Bangladesh, African Consumer Care in Nigeria and Dabur Egypt. 13 ultra-modern manufacturing units spread around the globe * Products marketed in over 50 countries Wide and deep market penetration with 47 C;F agents, more than 5000 distributors and over 1. 5 million retail outlets all over India. CCD, dealing with FMCG Products relating to Personal Care and Health Care * Leading brands – * Dabur – The Health Care Brand * Vatika-Personal Care Brand * Anmol- Value for Money Brand * Hajmola- Tasty Digestive Brand * and Dabur Amla, Chyawanprash and Lal Dant Manjan with Rs. 00 crore turnover each * Vatika Hair Oil ; Shampoo the high growth brand * Strategic positioning of Honey as food product, leading to market leadership (over 40%) in branded honey market   * Dabur Chyawanprash the largest selling Ayurvedic medicine with over 65% market share. * Le ader in herbal digestives with 90% market share * Hajmola tablets in command with 75% market share of digestive tablets category Dabur Lal Tail tops baby massage oil market with 35% of total share. CHD (Consumer Health Division), dealing with classical Ayurvedic medicines. Has more than 250 products sold through prescriptions as well as over the counter * Major categories in traditional formulations include: – Asav Arishtas – Ras Rasayanas – Churnas – Medicated Oils * Proprietary Ayurvedic medicines developed by Dabur include: – Nature Care Isabgol – Madhuvaani – Trifgol * Division also works for promotion of Ayurveda through organised community of traditional practitioners and developing fresh batches of students Analysis Porter Five Forces Analysis for Indian Food Processing AnalysisThe Porter's 5 Forces tool is a simple but powerful tool for understanding where power lies in a business situation. This is useful, because it helps yo u understand both the strength of your current competitive position, and the strength of a position you're looking to move into. With a clear understanding of where power lies, you can take fair advantage of a situation of strength, improve a situation of weakness, and avoid taking wrong steps. This makes it an important part of your planning toolkit. Conventionally, the tool is used to identify whether new products, services or businesses have the potential to be profitable.However it can be very illuminating when used to understand the balance of power in other situations too. Threat of Entry (high) The threat of new entry is quite high: if anyone looks as if they’re making a sustained profit, new competitors can come into the industry easily, reducing profits Profitable markets that yield high returns will draw firms. The results is many new entrants, which will effectively decrease profitability. Unless the entry of new firms can be blocked by incumbents, the profit rate will fall towards a competitive level (perfect competition). Capital Requirements(low) The capital costs of getting established in an industry can be reduce because of the government subsidies provided to food processing sector. Financial disaster for most participants is that the initial setup costs of new ventures were typically very low. Startup costs are so low that individual, self-financing entrepreneurs can enter. For example, in mineral water pouch business, costs for a company are around Rs 350,000 and reaming Rs 750,000 is subsidies by Government * Economies of Scale(low)In industries that are capital or research or advertising intensive, efficiency requires large-scale operation. The problem for new entrants is that they are faced with the choice of either entering on a small scale and accepting high unit costs, or entering on a large scale and running the risk of underutilized capacity while they build up sales volume. These economies of scale have deterred entry into th e industry so that the only new entrants in recent decades have been state-supported companies the main reason or source to achieve scale economies is new product development costs.Thus, developing and launching a new product is very costly. Segment of the market for food processing Industry is very narrowly define so potential customer are very few that’s why companies are not able to achieve economies of scales. * Absolute Cost Advantages(high) Apart from economies of scale, established firms may have a cost advantage over entrants simply because they entered earlier. Absolute cost advantages often result from the acquisition or alliances of low-cost sources of raw materials. Absolute cost advantages may also result from economies of learning.Amul cost advantage in Pasteurization milk results from its early entry into this market and its ability to move down the learning curve faster than local player and then making alliances with they produce milk but marketed by the bran d name of Amul. So new enter company alliance with well establish large firm can easily enter in the company Product Differentiation (high) In an industry where products are differentiated, established firms possess the advantages of brand recognition and customer loyalty.New entrants to such markets must spend disproportionately heavily on advertising and promotion to gain levels of brand awareness and brand goodwill similar to that of established companies. One study found that, compared to early entrants, late entrants into consumer goods markets incurred additional advertising and promotional costs amounting to 2. 12 percent of sales revenue. Alternatively, the new entrant can accept a niche position in the market or can seek to compete by cutting price.And in food processing industry there are many untapped market are available, so there are good opportunity for niche marketing in food processing industry e. g. sugar free is product that only targeting diabetic person and healt h conscious person only and it having 11% growth rate annually * Access to Channels of Distribution (low) Whereas lack of brand awareness among consumers acts as a barrier to entry to new suppliers of consumer goods, a more immediate barrier for the new company is likely to be gaining distribution.Limited capacity within distribution channels (e. g. , shelf space), risk aversion by retailers, and the fixed costs associated with carrying an additional product result in retailers being reluctant to carry a new manufacturer’s product. The battle for supermarket shelf space between the major food processors (typically involving lump-sum payments to retail chains in order to reserve shelf space) means that new entrants scarcely get a look in. * Governmental and Legal Barriers(high)Some economists (Amitabha Sen) claim that the only effective barriers to entry are those created by government. In taxicabs, banking, telecommunications, and broadcasting, entry usually requires the gran ting of a license by a public authority. From medieval times to the present day, companies and favored individuals have benefited from governments granting them an exclusive right to ply a particular trade or offer a particular service. In knowledge-intensive industries, patents, copyrights, and other legally protected forms of intellectual property are major barriers to entry.Regulatory requirements and environmental and safety standards often put new entrants at a disadvantage to established firms, because compliance costs tend to weigh more heavily on newcomers . e. g. Prevention of Food Adulteration laws is not only stringent one but time consuming also. It is considered as an archaic and no industry friendly food law. It substantial varies from Codex standard. Harmonization of multiple food laws is an urgent necessity. * Retaliation (low) Barriers to entry also depend on the entrants’ expectations as to possible retaliation by established firms.Retaliation against a new entrant may take the form of aggressive price-cutting, increased advertising, sales promotion, or litigation. The major food processing company has a long history of retaliation against low-cost entrants. Parle and other budget food processing have alleged that selective price cuts by MNC and other major food processing like Britannia amounted to predatory pricing designed to prevent its entry into new routes. 8 To avoid retaliation by incumbents, new entrants may seek initial small scale entry into less visible market segments.New entered company market and targeted the small segments partly because this segment had big opportunity and large profit (niche marketing). Rivalry between Established Competitors (low) For most industries, this is the major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry. Sometimes rivals compete aggressively and sometimes rivals compete in non-price dimensions such as innovation, marketing, etc. For most industries, the major determinant of the overal l state of competition and the general level of profitability is competition among the firms within the industry.In some industries, firms compete aggressively – sometimes to the extent that prices are pushed below the level of costs and industry-wide losses are incurred. In others, price competition is muted and rivalry focuses on advertising, innovation, and other non price dimensions. Six factors play an important role in determining the nature and intensity of competition between established firms: concentration, the diversity of competitors, product differentiation, excess capacity, exit barriers, and cost conditions. * Concentration(high) Seller concentration refers to the number and size distribution of firms competing within a market.It is most commonly measured by the concentration ratio: the combined market share of the leading producers. Where a market is dominated by a small group of leading companies (an oligopoly), price competition may also be restrained, eithe r by outright collusion, or more commonly through â€Å"parallelism† of pricing decisions. Thus, in markets dominated by two companies, such as soft drinks (Coke and Pepsi), prices tend to be similar and competition focuses on advertising, promotion, and product development. Economists measure rivalry by indicators of   industry concentration.The Concentration Ratio (CR) is one such measure. The Bureau of Census periodically reports the CR for major Standard Industrial Classifications (SIC's). The CR indicates the percent of market share held by the four largest firms (CR's for the largest 8, 25, and 50 firms in an industry also are available). A high concentration ratio indicates that a high concentration of market share is held by the largest firms – the industry is concentrated. With only a few firms holding a large market share, the competitive landscape is less competitive (closer to a monopoly).A low concentration ratio indicates that the industry is characteri zed by many rivals, none of which has a significant market share. These fragmented markets are said to be competitive. The concentration ratio is not the only available measure; the trend is to define industries in terms that convey more information than distribution of market share. In food processing industry concentration ratio is high that indicate high concentration of market share is held by the largest firms like ITC (tobacco), Cadbury (chocolates) etc.As the number of firms supplying a market increases, coordination of prices becomes more difficult, and the likelihood that one firm will initiate price-cutting increases. However, despite the common observation that the elimination of a competitor typically reduces price competition, while the entry of a new competitor typically stimulates it, systematic evidence of the impact of seller concentration on profitability is surprisingly weak. Richard Schmalensee concluded that: â€Å"The relation, if any, between seller concentra tion and profitability is weak statistically and the estimated effect is usually small. * In pursuing an advantage over its rivals, a firm can choose from several competitive moves: * Changing prices – raising or lowering prices to gain a temporary advantage. * Improving product differentiation – improving features, implementing innovations in the manufacturing process and in the product itself. * Creatively using channels of distribution – using vertical integration or using a distribution channel that is novel to the industry. * Exploiting relationships with suppliers – set high quality standards and required suppliers to meet its demands for product specifications and price. Diversity of Competitors (low) The extent to which a group of firms can avoid price competition in favor of collusive pricing practices depends upon how similar they are in terms of origins, objectives, costs, and strategies. In food processing industry it is very low here firm alw ays try to compete rival strategies and there product prices e. g. coke and Pepsi, magi and top Ramon ,Amul ice cream and havmor ice cream etc * Product Differentiation The more similar the offerings among rival firms, the more willing customers are to substitute and the greater the incentive for firms to cut prices to increase sales.Where the products of rival firms are virtually indistinguishable, the product is a commodity and price is the sole basis for competition. Commodity industries such as food processing agriculture, mining, and petrochemicals tend to be plagued by price wars and low profits. By contrast, in industries where products are highly differentiated (perfumes, pharmaceuticals, restaurants, management consulting services), price competition tends to be weak, even though there may be many firms competing. ood processing industry it is very low here firm always try to compete rival strategies and there product prices because they have more or similer offering and th ere product are virtually indistinguishable e. g. coke and Pepsi, magi and top Ramon ,Amul ice cream and havmor ice cream etc * Excess Capacity and Exit Barriers Why does industry profitability tend to fall so drastically during periods of recession? The key is the balance between demand and capacity. Unused capacity encourages firms to offer price cuts to attract new business in order to spread fixed costs over a greater sales volume.Excess capacity may be cyclical (e. g. the boom–bust cycle in the semiconductor industry); it may also be part of a structural problem resulting from overinvestment and declining demand. In these latter situations, the key issue is whether excess capacity will leave the industry. Barriers to exit are costs associated with capacity leaving an industry. Where resources are durable and specialized, and where employees are entitled to job protection, barriers to exit may be substantial. Conversely, rapid demand growth creates capacity shortages that boost margins.On average, companies in growing industries earn higher profits than companies in slow growing or declining industries see figure 3. 4. In food processing industry it will not effect because food demand is always increase or maintain because it is directly related to population growth, and in this industry some exit barrier are working because of Government policies. Bargaining Power of Buyers (low) Also described as the market of outputs. The ability of customers to put the firm under pressure and it also affects the customer's sensitivity to price changes. Customer has enough option to switch so they have less bargaining power. The firms in an industry operate in two types of markets: in the markets for inputs and the markets for outputs. In input markets firms purchase raw materials, components, and financial and labor services. In the markets for outputs firms sell their goods and services to customers (who may be distributors, consumers, or other manufacturers). In both markets the transactions create value for both buyers and sellers.How this value is shared between them in terms of profitability depends on their relative economic power. Let us deal first with output markets. The strength of buying power that firms face from their customers depends on two sets of factors: buyers’ price sensitivity and relative bargaining power. Buyers’ Price Sensitivity (low) The extent to which buyers are sensitive to the prices charged by the firms in an industry depends on four main factors: * The greater the importance of an item as a proportion of total cost, the more sensitive buyers will be about the price they pay.Beverage manufacturers are highly sensitive to the costs of metal cans because this is one of their largest single cost items. Conversely, most companies are not sensitive to the fees charged by their auditors, since auditing costs are such a small proportion of overall company expenses. * The less differentiated the product s of the supplying industry, the more willing the buyer is to switch suppliers on the basis of price. * The more intense the competition among buyers, the greater their eagerness for price reductions from their sellers.As competition in the world food processing industry has intensified, so component suppliers are subject to greater pressures for lower prices, higher quality, and faster delivery. * The greater the importance of the industry’s product to the quality of the buyer’s product or service, the less sensitive are buyers to the prices they are charged. The buying power of necessary processed food product like suger salt etc. is limited by the critical importance of these components to the functionality of their product. Relative Bargaining Power (high)Bargaining power rests, ultimately, on refusal to deal with the other party. The balance of power between the two parties to a transaction depends on the credibility and effectiveness with which each makes this th reat. The key issue is the relative cost that each party sustains as a result of the transaction not being consummated. A second issue is each party’s expertise in leveraging its position through gamesmanship. Several factors influence the bargaining power of buyers relative to that of sellers: * Size and concentration of buyers relative to suppliers.The smaller the number of buyers and the bigger their purchases, the greater the cost of losing one. * Buyers’ information. The better informed buyers are about suppliers and their prices and costs, the better they are able to bargain.. Keeping customers ignorant of relative prices is an effective constraint on their buying power. But knowing prices is of little value if the quality of the product is unknown. It always works in food processing industry because people are not having full information about the product like k special of Kellogg which reduces the cholesterol of the consumer. Ability to integrate vertically. In refusing to deal with the other party, the alternative to finding another supplier or buyer is to do it yourself. Large food processing companies such as Heinz and Campbell Soup have reduced their dependence on the manufacturers of metal cans by manufacturing their own. The leading retail chains have increasingly displaced their suppliers’ brands with their own-brand products. Backward integration need not necessarily occur – a credible threat may suffice. Buyers are Powerful in food processing industryBuyers are concentrated – there are a few buyers with significant market share Buyers purchase a significant proportion of output – distribution of purchases or if the product is standardized Buyers possess a credible backward integration threat – can threaten to buy producing firm or rival Buyers are Weak in food processing industry Producers threaten forward integration – producer can take over own distribution/retailing Significant buyer s witching costs – products not standardized and buyer cannot easily switch to another product.Buyers are fragmented (many, different) – no buyer has any particular influence on product or price Producers supply critical portions of buyers' input – distribution of purchases Bargaining Power of Suppliers (low) Also described as market of inputs. Suppliers of raw materials, components, and services (such as expertise) to the firm can be a source of power over the firm. Suppliers may refuse to work with the firm, or e. g. charge excessively high prices for unique resources.Analysis of the determinants of relative power between the producers in an industry and their suppliers is precisely analogous to analysis of the relationship between producers and their buyers. The only difference is that it is now the firms in the industry that are the buyers and the producers of inputs that are the suppliers. The key issues are the ease with which the firms in the industry can s witch between different input suppliers and the relative bargaining power of each party. Because raw materials, emi-finished products, and components are often commodities supplied by small companies to large manufacturing companies, their suppliers usually lack bargaining power. Suppliers are not Powerful because in food processing industry Credible forward integration threat by suppliers Suppliers concentrated Significant cost to switch suppliers Customers Powerful Suppliers are Weak because in food processing industry Many competitive suppliers – product is standardized Purchase commodity products Credible backward integration threat by purchasers Concentrated purchasers Customers WeakThreat of Substitutes (high) In Porter's model, substitute products refer to products in other industries. To the economist, a threat of substitutes exists when a product's demand is affected by the price change of a substitute product. A product's price elasticity is affected by substitute p roducts – as more substitutes become available, the demand becomes more elastic since customers have more alternatives. A close substitute product constrains the ability of firms in an industry to raise prices. The competition engendered by a Threat of Substitute comes from products outside the industry.The price of aluminum beverage cans is constrained by the price of glass bottles, steel cans, and plastic containers. These containers are substitutes, yet they are not rivals in the aluminum can industry. The existence of close substitute products increases the propensity of customers to switch to alternatives in response to price increases (high elasticity of demand). * buyer propensity to substitute (high) * relative price performance of substitutes(high) * buyer switching costs (low) Pressure from Substitutes Emerges Mainly From Two Factors 1. Switching costs for customers to the substitute. . Buyer willingness to search out for substitutes. Also the threat of substitution may take four different forms, each of which we shall now discuss with reference to above factors. Substitution of need We take switching from one product (e. g. natural drink of Dabur) to another (fresh juice from local vendor or prepared at home). In this case, the buyers might be looking out for freshness and might not mind the nominal switching costs Food processing Industry will definitely remain, in one form or the other, as long as the manufacturers manufacture and consumers consume.Food processing industry does not seem to become extinct even in the future. The issue that remains to be addressed is just – what forms it keeps evolving into. Here the Substitutes of food processing industry are fresh fruits and vegetables and food as a raw material , but they are yet very well developed in India, so their threat are comparatively very high but food processing industry break the boundaries of food product availability in certain season and area that is why food industry will sustain for longer term.While the treat of substitutes typically impacts an industry through price competition, there can be other concerns in assessing the threat of substitutes. * Strategic Implications of the Five Competitive Forces Competitive environment is unattractive from the standpoint of earning good profits when * Rivalry is vigorous * Entry barriers are low and entry is likely * Competition from substitutes is strong * Suppliers and customers have considerable bargaining power Competitive environment is ideal from a profit-making standpoint when * Rivalry is moderate Entry barriers are high and no firm is likely to enter * Good substitutes do not exist * Suppliers and customers are in a weak bargaining position. But food processing industry is little bit attractive but not ideal, it gives considerable profit Because of the following point * Rivalry is moderate * Entry barriers are low and firm is likely to enter * Good have some substitutes but up to certain extant * Suppliers and customers are in a weak bargaining position Conclusion Growing Indian economy and improving lifestyles of Indians contributing in a big way to the growth.The Indian snacks market is worth around US$ 3 billion, with the organised segment taking half the market share, and has an annual growth rate of 15-20 per cent. The unorganised snacks market is worth US$ 1. 56 billion, with a growth rate of 7-8 per cent per year. There are approximately 1,000 types of snacks and another 300 types of savories being sold in the Indian market today. There is a big market for snacks in India as urban Indian consumers eat ready-made snacks 10 times more than their rural counterparts. Consumers are willing to pay a premium for both value-added private and branded products, creating immense opportunities for manufacturers and retailers. The growth of food processing sector has nearly doubled to 13. 7 per cent during the last four years. A dominant segment of the food industry, food proces sing is estimated to be worth US$ 70 billion with a 32 per cent share. It comprises agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandries, and plantation. The opportunity for growth is huge when seen against the fact that while a mere 1. per cent of food is processed in India, nearly 80 per cent of food is processed in the developed world. Significantly, processed food exports have increased from US$ 6. 98 billion in 2003-04 to US$ 20. 51 billion in 2007-08, recording a whopping 193. 83 per cent growth rate. It realise India's potential in this industry, investment target of US$ 25. 07 billion by 2015 to double India's share in global food trade from 1. 6 per cent to 3 per cent, increase processing of perishable food from 6 per cent to 20 per cent and value addition from 20 per cent to 35 per cent.At last India is all set to become the food supplier of the world. It has the cultivable land, all the seasons for production of all varieties of fruits and vegetables, well developed agribusiness system that works in its own way. There are some Factors such as rapid growth in the economy, the technological innovations, rise of families with dual incomes and the changing food habits of the population all point to the increasing need for healthy processed food. The supply chain sector is very weak with no process owner and this can spell disaster.The food supply chain needs the attention, the industry and the Government. * Reasons to Invest in Indian Food Processing Industry It is the seventh largest country, with extensive administrative structure and independent judiciary, a sound financial & infrastructural network and above all a stable and thriving democracy. Due to its diverse agro-climatic conditions, it has a wide-ranging and large raw material base suitable for food processing industries. Presently a very small percentage of these are processed into value added products.It is one of the biggest emerging markets, with over 900 million population and a 250 million stro ng middle class. * Rapid urbanization, increased literacy and rising per capita income, have all caused rapid growth and changes in demand patterns, leading to tremendous new opportunities for exploiting the large latent market. An average Indian spends about 50% of household expenditure on food items. Demand for processed/convenience food is constantly on the rise. India's comparatively cheaper workforce can be effectively utilized to setup large low cost production bases for domestic and export markets.Liberalized overall policy regime, with specific incentives for high priority food processing sector, provides a very conducive environment for investments and exports in the sector. Very good investment opportunities exist in many areas of food processing industries, the important ones being : fruit ; vegetable processing, meat, f Read also: My Ambition Is To Become a Collector